Llety'r Filliast

The Neolithic Heart of the Great Orme

Llety'r Filiast is an important archaeological, cultural, and historical site, 

prominently recognized as a Neolithic burial chamber located on the Great Orme, near Llandudno.

Visit Date: April 2024

Llety'r Filiast South View

Llety'r Filiast is classified as a Neolithic chambered cairn, or portal dolmen, which was commonly used during the Neolithic era, approximately between 6,000 and 4,500 years ago.

Click on any image to enlarge

The chamber itself measures about 2.1 meters long and 1.5 meters high, surrounded by the remains of a cairn that once covered it. Originally, this cairn was believed to be around 30 meters long and 10 meters wide, with a roughly egg-shaped form, though much of the stone has been removed over time. The space under the horizontal capstone likely contained the remains of significant community figures or family members, possibly cremated.

While it is unclear whether the chamber featured a visible entrance or was entirely enclosed, structures like this are thought to hold deeper symbolic meanings, possibly serving as "portals to another world" or relating to ancient creation myths.

The construction of elaborate burial chambers like Llety'r Filiast reflects a critical phase in human development—the Neolithic era. During this time, people transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled agricultural communities, enabling them to allocate resources to significant projects, such as building burial sites, as they were no longer solely focused on sourcing food.

A geophysical survey conducted by Jo Jones in 1996 at the "Cromlech Field," where Llety'r Filiast is situated, revealed traces of an outer ring ditch and potential postholes, indicating the presence of a henge monument associated with the site. Nearby finds include Romano-British ceramic material unearthed close to the chamber, suggesting later activities in the area.

Llety'r Filiast (Viewed from East)

Llety'r Filiast is located near the Great Orme, a limestone headland on the north coast of Wales, northwest of Llandudno. The Great Orme, referred to as Cyngreawdr Fynydd by the 12th-century poet Gwalchmai ap Meilyr, derives its English name from the Old Norse word for "sea serpent."

Llety'r Filiast (Viewed from the North)

Nearby are the Orme copper mines, discovered in 1987 during landscaping efforts on the Great Orme. These copper mines represent one of the most remarkable archaeological finds in recent history, dating back 4,000 years to the Bronze Age, and they have reshaped our understanding of the ancient people of Britain and their structured societies, well before the Roman invasion. While Llety'r Filiast predates these mines, it is also geographically close to other prehistoric structures, such as Neolithic roundhouses on the Great Orme. Local tradition suggests that a trackway from the mines may have passed by the cromlech, indicating that the dolmen might have served as a "guardian" of the mines' entrance. This site is part of a larger landscape rich in early human activity on the Great Orme, which includes evidence of Mesolithic flint tools and Neolithic implements found in a nearby valley.

Llety'r Filiast (Viewed from the west)

The name Llety'r Filiast translates to "The Lair of the Greyhound Bitch" or "Lodging of the Greyhound Bitch." This name is shared with other tombs across Wales, although no specific story survives to explain its significance for this particular site. "Filiast" is commonly interpreted as a reference to a female greyhound or grey-colored hound. Some theories connect these sites to the Celtic goddess Cerridwen, whose symbols included a "milast," a form she is believed to have taken during initiation rituals. Another interpretation links "milast" to Camulus (Mars), to whom greyhound bitches and horses were dedicated. Folklore also associates phantom guard dogs with "the bowels of the earth," drawing similarities to Cerberus guarding the underworld or to the "Bar Guest" of the Derbyshire Mines. This connection may provide insight into the name "Lair of the Greyhound Bitch," suggesting that such sites were viewed with a mix of awe and fear, relating to their mystical or protective associations with the underworld.

 

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Visit Information: -

Google Reference: -

53.32922567161166, -3.844655684295934

What Three Words reference: -

///pill.navy.typed

OS Details: -

SH 77216 82940 elevation 447

Additional information.

Visiting is easy. There is a small place to park at the side of the field (53.32897301962271, -3.844905483766489) but this is a small country lane really.

The most satisfying way to visit would be to take a ride on the Great Orme Tramway, (53.32727640960437, -3.835464572077922) which is a funicular railway. Get off at the halfway stage and you can walk to the site, however the terrain is quite steep.

There are lots of facilities in the Town.

A full list of blogs can be found at my website

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Newcastle Emlyn Castle

 

Where the last Dragon in Wales was slain.

Newcastle Emlyn Castle, a significant landmark in the town, has a rich and turbulent history, reflected in its physical evolution and its current state as a scheduled monument and Grade I listed structure.

Visit Date: March 2025

Newcastle Emlyn Castle

The town of Newcastle Emlyn in the county of Carmarthenshire takes its name from the castle and the ancient district of Emlyn.

The Castle, now a scheduled monument and Grade I listed structure, exhibits the remains of a strategic medieval design, adapted over centuries from a probable timber and earth stronghold to a stone fortress and then a residence, before its eventual destruction.

Dragon Gate at Newcastle Emlyn Castle

The castle is strategically located on a steep-sided promontory within a great bend or loop of the River Teifi, making it naturally defensible on three sides. Its only land approach was from the west.

The inner court, roughly triangular in shape, is believed to be the core of the 13th-century castle. It measures approximately 45 metres east-west and 25 metres across at its western end.

An outer court was located to the west, towards the town, and was defined by earthworks. This outer court was roughly 50 metres east-west by 40 metres, with its eastern part later obscured by a 17th-century ravelin.

Click on any image to see just images

The castle has a long and turbulent history which starts before 1240 as there may have been an older building on the site, possibly taken by the Welsh leader Llywelyn the Great.

In Around 1240 A stone castle was likely built by Maredudd ap Rhys, a Welsh lord. This made Newcastle Emlyn one of the few stone castles built by the Welsh in West Wales. It might have started as a wooden structure before being rebuilt in stone by 1287. The castle served as an important administrative center since Maredudd lived mainly at Dryslwyn Castle.

In the 1250s The "new castle" (Castell Newydd Emlyn), which gave the town its name, was established on the banks of the River Teifi.

In 1257 The castle is first mentioned in historical documents. This year, King Henry III approved an agreement that allowed Maredudd to divide the Emlyn area. A bridge connecting Newcastle Emlyn to Adpar was also built.

In 1271 Rhys ap Maredudd, Maredudd's son, gained ownership of the castle.

In 1287 Rhys ap Maredudd rebelled against the English Crown. The castle was attacked by Roger Mortimer, Earl of March, but Rhys's men recaptured it.

Newcastle Emlyn Castle

During 1287-1288 The castle was besieged and captured by Robert Tiptoft, Justiciar of South Wales, after a 23-day barricade. Rhys ap Maredudd fled, ending his revolt, and his estate was confiscated by the Crown. The English forces had to haul their siege engine from Dryslwyn to Cardigan with forty oxen, and then needed sixty oxen to bring it up the Teifi Valley to Newcastle Emlyn.

In 1291 Rhys ap Maredudd was captured and executed the following year.

In 1294-1295 The castle was abandoned during Madoc ap Llewelyn's revolt. However, David ap Moris and his son David Fychan held the castle until the King arrived, and David Fychan was subsequently made Bailiff of Emlyn.

IN 1300 The Treasurer of South Wales was instructed by Edward I to ensure the castle was repaired and provisioned.

In 1303 A settlement outside the castle gates was formally established as a borough, granted a weekly market and two annual fairs. It became known as Newtown Emlyn and saw the creation of 26 burgage plots, increasing to 62 by 1316.

In 1300-1350 The castle flourished and saw major constructions during the reigns King Edward I, II, and III, including the construction of a great hall and twin-tower gatehouse.

Newcastle Emlyn Castle

In the Early 14th Century The town thrived, but its growth faced challenges from nearby places and events like the Black Death.

In 1312 Edward II commissioned a new hall, costing £50.

In 1343 A report indicated that the castle was in poor shape. Edward, the Black Prince, acquired the castle along with his new title The Prince of Wales.

The period 1347-1348 Richard de la Bere, the Prince's Chamberlain, managed a rebuilding project for the castle, including new twin-tower gatehouses. As a reward for his service, he was permitted to use the castle rent-free.

In 1382 The castle was granted to Simon Burley and ceased to be a royal property.

In 1403  Owain Glyndŵr's forces took the castle during his "war of independence", causing considerable damage before it was quickly reclaimed by Sir Thomas Carew.

Newcastle Emlyn Castle

In 1428 The castle was described as being in ruins.

In the Mid-15th Century: Gruffydd ap Nicholas, with help from the Earl of Pembrokeshire, regained control of the castle for the Welsh Lords.

In 1462 Thomas ap Gruffydd succeeded to the ownership of the castle after his father's death.

In Around 1500 Sir Rhys ap Thomas acquired the castle and remodeled it into a comfortable residence, adding large windows and a deer park

In 1521 The castle and estate passed to Sir Rhys' grandson, Sir Rhys ap Gruffydd.

In 1530 Sir Rhys ap Gruffydd was executed for treason, and his lands, including the castle, were reclaimed by the Crown, ending the era of local Welsh lords for nearly a century.

Newcastle Emlyn Castle

In 1532 A detailed survey revealed the inner ward contained a hall, chapel, and other domestic buildings.

In 1552 A chapel was noted to exist outside the castle's walls.

In the  Early 17th Century: The castle was documented as being in good condition.

In the Mid-17th Century (1640s): The castle suffered from damage during the English Civil War, with defenses added but ultimately left in ruins.

In 1644 The Royalist Sir Charles Gerard captured the castle from Parliamentary forces after several attempts, leading to it changing hands multiple times during the war.

In 1645 Major-General Rowland Laugharne besieged the castle for Parliament but was routed by Gerard in a fierce engagement below the castle walls.

In 1648 After the Royalists surrendered, Cromwell's forces destroyed the castle to prevent it from being used again. The site was neglected afterward, and locals took stones from it to build their homes.

In Around 1700: Documents indicated that the castle had been mostly dismantled by then. 

Showing the remains of Capel Bach y Drindod walls.

In 1785 The chapel was rebuilt and became known locally as 'Capel Bach y Drindod,' which means 'little Chapel of the Trinity.'

In 1830 The castle and chapel were depicted in a print, located in the parish of Cenarth.

In 1843 The parish of Newcastle Emlyn was established, and a new church was built. The chapel served as a schoolroom before it was demolished, and the area later turned into gardens.

In the Mid-19th Century (1850): The castle came under the ownership of Lord Cawdor.

During 1978-1982: Human remains were uncovered during consolidation work on the gatehouse masonry and the construction of a car park by Carmarthenshire District Council.

In 1985 The first accurate plan of the castle site was produced. Further work on the car park revealed the south wall of a chapel and five burials.

• Today: The castle exists as shattered ruins, particularly its gatehouse and adjacent towers, which remain visible. It is a significant landmark and provides communal and recreational space for the town. The legend of the last dragon in Wales, said to have been slain at the castle, is celebrated with dragon gates and sculptures within its grounds.

The legend of the Dragon:-

Gwiber Emlyn The last Dragon in Wales

There are many Dragon legends in Wales, and even our national flag has a Dragon on it.

According to local legend, Newcastle Emlyn saw the last appearance of a dragon in Wales. According to the tale, a winged creature known as a wyvern flew over the town during a fair. It landed in the castle wall and promptly fell asleep.  A brave soldier lay a red shawl on the river Teifi and hid nearby. 

The River Teifi at Emlyn Castle

When the dragon awoke it was attracted by the shawl and flew down to the river to snatch it. The soldier leapt out and speared the dragon, and the dragon's blood poisoned the river killing all the fish.

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Visit Information: -
Google Reference: -
52.0390991353816, -4.463191172963189

What Three Words reference: -
///breed.zones.flickers

OS Details: -
Grid Ref: SN 31131 40719

Additional information.
Visiting is easy as this is a car park at the castle (52.03916467192921, -4.465828214069767).

There are lots of facilities in the Town.

A full list of blogs can be found at my website

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T. E. Lawrence Memorial

 

During a recent short break in Dorset, UK, I came across information about a little known memorial 

dedicated to a fellow Welshman, T.E. Lawrence.

Visit Date: June 2025

Thomas Edward Lawrence was born on August 16, 1888, in Tremadog, Caernarvonshire. He was a British Army officer, archaeologist, diplomat, and writer, known for his significant role during the Arab Revolt and the Sinai and Palestine campaign against the Ottoman Empire in World War I. The wide range of his activities and associations, along with his ability to describe them vividly in writing, earned him international fame as "Lawrence of Arabia," a title later used for the 1962 film based on his wartime experiences.

I do not intend to go into detail of Lawrence's life here as this is widely documented on the internet.

On May 13, 1935, Lawrence was fatally injured in an accident while riding his motorcycle in Dorset, near his cottage, Clouds Hill. This occurred just two months after he had left military service. A dip in the road obstructed his view of two boys on their bicycles. As he swerved to avoid them, he lost control and was thrown over the handlebars. He died six days later on May 19, 1935, at the age of 46. One of the doctors who attended to him was neurosurgeon Hugh Cairns, who subsequently began an extensive study on the loss of life among motorcycle dispatch riders due to head injuries. His research ultimately led to the adoption of crash helmets by both military and civilian motorcyclists.

The location of the crash is marked by a small memorial by the roadside. In a small lay-by on the road to his cottage, there is a tribute to the great man: a tree has been planted along with a small plaque. It's easy to miss as you drive by.

However, this tribute is not exactly at the site of the accident; it is conveniently placed nearby. The actual site of the accident was previously marked by another small memorial a few yards down the wooded path.

I am surprised that this memorial is not more widely known, and I felt fortunate to have visited it instead of simply driving past.

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Visit Information: -
Google Reference: -
50.71335225638947, -2.24753863447354

What Three Words reference: -
///tooth.plodding.haggis

The wooded memorial is near
///majoring.sensual.eyebrows

OS Details: -
Grid Ref: SY 82583 90422


Additional information.
Visiting is easy as this is in a lay-by on the public road.
Once at the memorial end of the lay-by follow the small path through the woods to the second memorial.

A full list of blogs can be found at my website

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The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

  

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse, fondly referred to as 'the Lighthouse on Legs',

 has a rich and dynamic history that has evolved significantly since 

its construction in 1832 and continues to play an operational role today.

Visit Date: April 2025

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

The Low Lighthouse was built in 1832 by Joseph Nelson. It was constructed alongside the High Lighthouse to replace the original Round Tower Lighthouse, which had previously replaced a light maintained in the tower of St. Andrew's Church.

Its primary purpose has been to guide fishing boats and vessels safely into the entrance channel of the River Parrett, where it flows into the Bristol Channel. The Bristol Channel is known for its extensive mudflats and a tidal range that can recede over 1.5 miles (2.4 km), along with constantly shifting sands, all of which pose significant risks to shipping.

The structure is a Grade II listed heritage building. It is a square wooden building standing 9 meters (30 feet) tall on nine wooden stilts or piles, sunk sixteen feet into the sand.

Click on any image for a lager view

Initially, the lighthouse was painted white with a black vertical stripe on the seaward side. In 1890, the color of the stripe was changed to red to make the lighthouse more visible during the day. Today, it remains white with a single vertical red stripe on its front face.

The Low Lighthouse originally displayed a narrow fixed beam of white light from its upper floor, visible through a square window. It functioned as a leading light in conjunction with the High Lighthouse, meaning vessels would align the two lights (one above the other) to determine the exact bearing of the deep-water channel into the Parrett estuary.

The Low Light had a range of 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi). Beyond the channel, it also assisted vessels approaching the Bristol Channel from Hurlstone Point and Minehead. Keepers stationed at the High Lighthouse oversaw the operation of the Low Light.

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

By April 1844, the Gore Sand had extended, making the alignment of the lighthouses inaccurate for indicating the deep-water channel. As a result, starting November 1, 1866, an additional red light was installed in the Low Lighthouse to shine towards Gore Sand, and another red light was added to guide departing vessels upriver.

With the arrival of electricity in Burnham in 1927, incandescent light bulbs replaced paraffin vapor burners in both lighthouses, rendering the keepers redundant. A submarine cable connected the two lighthouses, and their light characteristics were synchronized and controlled by a motor-driven machine in the High Lighthouse. Both lights were given an occulting characteristic, with the Low Light occulting every 2.5 seconds. It received a 500-watt bulb with a range of 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi). An automatic lamp changer was also installed as a backup.

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

The Low Lighthouse was deactivated in 1969 due to the installation of a new subsidiary sector light in a lower window of the High Lighthouse, which provided the correct bearing for the deep-water channel, making the Low Lighthouse surplus to requirements. However, on December 31, 1993, the Low Lighthouse was re-established and recommissioned after the High Lighthouse was decommissioned and sold, becoming a private residence and tourist attraction. The High Lighthouse's flashing white light and subsidiary sector light functions were transferred to the Low Lighthouse.

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

The lighthouse has undergone multiple restorations due to rough sea conditions. Its stairway was removed in 1984 due to storm damage, and a metal stairway was later installed in 2010. The building receives a fresh coat of marine-grade paint every six years, with a total of 50 liters of Cuprinol opaque wood finish used for a previous makeover.

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

Somerset Council inspects the building twice a year.

The current significance of the lighthouse is as an active navigation aid. It provides a white flash every 7 to 7.5 seconds and a fixed directional light (white, red, or green depending on direction) at a focal plane of 4 meters (13 ft), while the focal plane for the main light is 7 meters (23 ft).

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

The lighthouse is currently owned and maintained by Somerset Council; it was previously operated by Sedgemoor District Council. Funding for its maintenance has been confirmed as secure by Somerset Council, despite budget concerns.

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

The Low Lighthouse is an iconic structure and a symbol of the town's rich maritime heritage. It is popular with photographers and tourists and is featured in the town's coat of arms, local signage, and literature. The lighthouse is also a subject for local artists. Visitors can walk to its base during low tide, although there is no public access to enter the lighthouse itself. It is a key attraction on Burnham-on-Sea Beach.

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

While the lighthouse is a popular destination, visitors are strongly cautioned about the hazardous mudflats and sinking sand on the beach, which are due to the area's vast tidal range. 

The Burnham-on-Sea Low Lighthouse

Symbolizing the town's rich maritime heritage, the Low Lighthouse is a popular destination for photographers and tourists alike, featuring prominently in local signage and literature. Although visitors can approach its base during low tide, access inside the lighthouse is restricted. The lighthouse is a central attraction on Burnham-on-Sea Beach, but visitors are advised to exercise caution due to hazardous mudflats and sinking sand typical of the area’s extensive tidal range.

Footer:Visit Information: -
Google Reference: -
51.24845147253358, -3.00585011421767

What Three Words reference: -
///wallet.quilting.cunning

OS Details: -
Grid Ref: ST 29892 50396

Additional information.
Visiting is easy as this is on the public beach, the nearest parking would be on Poplar Road

 ( 51.24464740501554, -3.000507843662151) but this is busy. 

There is however plenty of parking on the sea front 

(51.2391062944699, -2.9989930766074693) then there is an easy 1.1 KM walk along the beach. 

There are lots of facilities on the sea front.

A full list of blogs can be found at my website

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